Anxiety and Depression in Tuberculosis Can Create Impact on Quality of Life of Patient.

Objective: Despite TB being a major burden in terms of nation’s health, social life and economy and growth, it has to be considered for the psychological effects that it bears on individual life. The resulting drastic consequences showing as poor treatment compliance, increasing Mycobacterium strain resistance to first line anti TB drugs, declining health outcome etc. Our study had determined to take a step in revealing a more competent approach in getting a world free of tuberculosis, by estimating the prevalence of psychiatric co morbidities in patients with TB and to comprehend their effects on patient’s quality of life. Our aim was to assess the prevalence of depression and anxiety in tuberculosis and its influence on individual perception of well being in patients attending outpatient clinic in Karachi, Pakistan. Method: A total of 140 subjects were addressed, 70 of each TB and control. “Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale” (HAD) and “Flanagan Quality of Life scale” was used to assess anxiety and depression and quality of life in these two populations respectively. Result: About 37.1% patients diagnosed with TB were labeled as having anxiety and depression according to HAD scale. However the study has shown that the area of an individual life that experienced dramatic effects included perception towards health, relationship with partner, parents, sibling, friends, work as in job or in home, participation in society, attitude towards learning and increasing awareness, understanding about one’s strength and weaknesses and expressing oneself creatively. Conclusion: Parameters of quality of life that do play a key role in establishing quality including perception relating to health, relationships with spouse, siblings or friend, occupational role and recreation both participatory as well as passive; were found to be dramatically influenced by TB. This entirely enlightens the significance of timely counseling and health education in TB control program for alleviation of mental and social suffering seen in such a high rise.

Patterns of sudanophilic lesions at ostia of descending thoracic and abdominal aorta in cholesterol-fed adult rabbits / Patrones de lesiones sudanofílicas en el ostio de las partes torácica y abdominal de la aorta en conejos adultos alimentados con colesterol

Sudan-positive atherosclerotic lesions preferentially occur at downstream and lateral margins of arterial branch ostia in human neonates and weanling rabbits but tend to develop at lateral and upstream margins in old subjects. We investigated (i) the pattern of sudanophilic lesions at aortic ostia of cholesterol-fed adult rabbits and (ii) determined any differences in lesion distribution between descending thoracic and abdominal aorta. Ten adult males, New Zealand white rabbits were fed 2 percent high cholesterol diet. After six weeks, aortas were excised, opened longitudinally and stained with Sudan-IV for gross examination of atherosclerotic lesions. A total of 156 descending thoracic and 90 abdominal ostia were examined. Mean lesion frequencies upstream, downstream and at lateral margins of the affected ostia were calculated and compared. Sudanophilic lesions were detected around 32 percent ostia of descending thoracic aorta and 25 percent those of abdominal aorta. At ostia of descending thoracic aorta, lesion frequencies were significantly higher (P<0.001) downstream (95 percent) and at lateral margins (92 percent) than upstream (2 percent). In abdominal aorta, lateral (100 percent) and upstream (43 percent) margins were significantly (P<0.05) more affected while minimal lesion frequencies were seen at downstream branch points (9 percent). Comparison between descending thoracic and abdominal aorta showed an insignificant difference of lesion frequencies at lateral margins (P>0.05) but a highly significant difference at upstream versus downstream of ostia (P<0.001). We concluded that in cholesterol-fed adult rabbits, juvenile pattern of downstream lipid deposition persists at ostia of descending thoracic aorta while a switch towards the upstream pattern of old subjects occurs at ostia of abdominal aorta.

Las lesiones ateroscleróticas Sudán-positivas se producen preferentemente en los márgenes posteriores y laterales del ostio de las ramas arteriales en neonatos humanos y en conejos destetados, pero tienden a desarrollarse en los márgenes laterales y superiores en sujetos de edad avanzada. Investigamos el patrón de lesiones sudanofílicas en el ostio aórtico de conejos adultos alimentados con colesterol y determinamos las diferencias en la distribución de lesiones entre la aorta torácica descendente y abdominal. Diez conejos machos blancos adultos New Zealand fueron alimentados con una dieta alta en colesterol al 2 por ciento. Después de seis semanas, fueron extraídas las aortas, se disecaron longitudinalmente y se tiñeron con Sudan-IV para el examen macroscópico y se observaron las lesiones ateroscleróticas. Fueron examinados 156 ostios de aortas torácicas descendentes y 90 de aortas abdominales. Fueron calculadas y comparadas las frecuencias medias de lesiones superiores, inferiores y de los márgenes laterales de los ostios afectados. Las lesiones sudanofílicas se detectaron en alrededor del 32 por ciento de ostios de la aorta torácica descendente y en el 25 por ciento de las aortas abdominales. En el ostio de la aorta torácica descendente, las frecuencias de lesiones fueron significativamente mayores (p <0,001) por superior (95 por ciento) y en los márgenes laterales (92 por ciento) que por inferior (2 por ciento). En la aorta abdominal, los márgenes laterales (100 por ciento) y superiores (43 por ciento) fueron significativamente más afectados (p <0,05), mientras que las frecuencias mínimas de lesiones se observaron en los puntos de la rama descendente (9 por ciento). La comparación entre la aorta torácica descendente y abdominal mostró una diferencia no significativa de las frecuencias de lesiones en los márgenes laterales (p> 0,05), pero muy significativa al comparar el margen superior con el inferior (p <0,001). Llegamos a la conclusión que en los conej...